Saturday, April 27, 2013

How do I upload a folder recursively via SSH through a linux terminal?

Q. The problem is quite simple actually. I have a folder in my desktop which I want to be able to upload to my server via SSH. I want to be able to do that using only the linux terminal. Thanks
I don't know about import/export functions. I just want to upload via SSH. I know it's possible, I just don't know how.

A. See the SCP command (syntax in source link). It copies files over ssh. As you can see, it has an option to put an entire folder over at once.

Alternatively, there's SFTP (secure-ftp) which tunnels a ftp connection through ssh (valid only if the target server also has ftp service in addition to ssh).

How do I transfer files to and from my computer I'm remotely connected to through SSH?
Q. I want to be able to transfer files to and from my home computer remotely while accessing it from an SSH connection...How do I do this? Do I need to set up an FTP server on my home computer? It's running Debian Linux and I access it from my Android phone using ConnectBot.

A. If it's running an ssh server that will include scp and usually sftp.
You can connect with any scp/sftp client like winscp, rsync. If you set up SSH keys access you need not bother with passwords (though it's still a good idea to have some passphrase in case you lose the phone)

ftp is less secure, unless you use SSL

I am accessing my home linux box remotely from work. How can I copy files from that linux comp to my local com
Q. I am accessing my home linux computer remotely from my MacBook via SSH. I am behind a NAT, so I don't have a static IP. I want to retrieve some files from that linux box to my MacBook. Is there a reverse SCP command that I can use so that I can SCP the file from my home linux box to my MacBook at work through the already established tunnel?

A. You use scp direct (not through the tunnel). It can copy either way. One option is to log in to your Linux box through ssh, then use scp to the Mac from there. you would need the address of the mac, and forwarding set up at its' router. Alternatively use the scp from the mac console to your Linux machine. You must have its' address if you can ssh to it.



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Can anyone help me with installing programs on Linux?

Q. I dont have internet on the computer i have linux on, am i screwed or is there still a way?

A. Some software is distributed in "Source form". This means you download a file containing all the source code for the application you want to install, unpack it, and compile it on your system. Compiling is the process of turning the source code into an executable binary. It is a fairly straight forward process.

Typically applications you must compile from source will come as a ".tar.gz", ".tar.bz2", or ".zip" file.

You'll probably want to operate from inside your home directory. If your user is (for example) username, your home directory will be /home/username/. Downloaded your zip file containing install files to /home/username/src. If you do not have a src directory, you can create it with the following "mkdir" (make directory) command:


Code:
mkdir /home/username/src/
So, we have our source package in /home/username/src/.

Change to the /home/username/src/ directory with the "cd" (change directory) command like so:


Code:
cd /home/username/src/
Use the "ls" (list directory contents) command, to see the file is present:


Code:
ls

We now need to unzip the zipped file, this is done differently depending on the file extension.

for files ending in .tar.gz, use:

Code:
tar -zxvf <filename>
(replacing <filename> with the name of the file).

for files ending in .tar.bz2, use:

Code:
tar -jxvf <filename>
for files ending in .zip, use:

Code:
unzip <filename>
You should now have a new directory, containing all of the source files. To confirm it exists, and to get its name, use the "ls" command again.

Code:
ls
we now need to go into the new directory, so use the cd command:

Code:
cd <directory>



This is where things will differ. Some packages will have an INSTALL or README file which will contain installation instructions. use "ls" to see if the software has an install or readme file. If it does have one, you can use the "more" command to read it, like so:

Code:
more INSTALL
Generally, the final 3 stages are as follows:
- Configure the installation
- Compile the software
- Install the binaries

The pre-installation configuration is done by executing ./configure:

Code:
./configure
This will perform some requirements testing on your system, and create a "Makefile" which will explain to the "make" utility how the software should be compiled.

The next stage is to compile the software, this is done using "make". When you run "make" it will read the instructions in the Makefile and build the application binaries.

Code:
make

The final stage is to install these binaries, ie, copy them to a more permanent location. Typically only the "root" user can do this, so you will need to swich to the root user with the "su" command:

Code:
su
Once you are root, install the binaries using the "make" command, followed by "install", like so:

Code:
make install

Are there any free programs to unzip compressed files?
Q. I used win zip for the free trial and it worked well, I liked it. But now my free trial is over and I'm without a program to unzip compressed files. Normally this isn't a big deal, but I need to download GIMP brushes or fonts to do photo manipulations. Anyone know of a good program to use for this purpose? It needs to be free all the time. I could use a free trial again for now but I'd really like to have a "free all the time" program for this. Thanks!

A. 7Zip is free always. But it only works on Microsoft's Winduhs, if I recall correctly.

If you are running Linux, gzip is already present. Plus, the file managers already know how to zip and unzip, so no addons are required.

How can I open a zip file on a Linux OS?
Q. I reaceently installed the LInux Fedora OS in my PC and now the sound is not working, does anybody know what can I used and or do to open a zip file?
Thanks in advance

A. There is a program called zip or unzip. Do a yum install zip or yum search zip from the command line (as root) then unzip the file using that.

http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-can-i-zipping-and-unzipping-files-under-linux.html



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Is there any way to create a portable linux OS that can run on Macs and PCs?

Q. I'm just curious. I use Mac OSX (leopard) and I think it would be nice to have a portable Linux OS that will carry all of my files and settings so I could have those where ever I am (and of course so I could avoid using Windows). I was just wondering if there is any way of doing this. Size isn't much of an issue since I'm planning to get a new flashdrive for it anyway.

A. Yes, there is a few types:
Feather Linux
http://featherlinux.berlios.de/
Stress Linux
http://www.stresslinux.org/
Flash Linux
http://www.encryptec.net/flashlinux
NimbleX
http://nimblex.net/

Some PC's or macs will need you to change the bootup order in the BIOS menu when you first boot up your PC, it's easy to do, but I can't explain cos it differers from each PC/Mac.

How can you install windows 7 on a linux os computer?
Q. My brother has a linux os computer and he wants to install windows 7 using my disc. Any help?

A. Assuming his linux computer is i386 based processor computer (PC) then he must choose whether to install in natively, as dual boot, or as a guest operating system, in a virtual machine.

This of course, assuming that he owns the license for the windows 7.

Installing it natively allows you to install 2 operating systems on your PC, but allows you to only use one at any given time. Usually, upon boot, the os loader (grub or OS Loader) would ask which operating system you would like to use.

Installing in a virtual machine, on the other hand, creates a virtual computer within your Linux operating system, like VMWare or Xen. This virtual computer can then be installed the Windows7. You can use both operating system at the same time, and even communicate with the both machines as if they are physically separate computers.

Down side is that, since this is 1 machine running inside another, your guest operating system cannot get the full performance load running your host computer.

Are there any linux os that will run on an old laptop with a Linksys wireless card?
Q. I have a few Linux OS i have tried out and none of them worked with a Linksys wifi card. Can a Linksys wireless card work with Linux or is there another OS that will work with it and work on an old computer?
I am running on a very slow and old laptop Pentium 3 with original windows 98 installed on it.

A. Find what model card you have and see if it is supported, ie google ubuntu + card model. It may simply be a matter of installing the appropriate driver from the repository.

An alternative is to install ndiswrapper, if it isn't already installed, and use the .inf file from the XP drivers for the card, which you can download from the manufacturers website.

If the machine doesn't have at least 256 meg of ram then it won't be capable of web surfing.

The lightest full system to use would be puppy. Xpud is also worth a try, it is basically just a browser and a file manager. The best choice for a polished, configurable system would be lubuntu (ubuntu with the lxde desktop).

Cheers!



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How do I establish a linux operatings system that would be similar to windows?

Q. Linux is free right. So if I have to buy a new hardrive, I won't need windows which is expensive. But how do I know which I should use. There seems to be many different linux operating system.

A. There are many flavours so you need to decide what you want to do with it (use it as a server, as a desktop etc). There are distributions who offer Live CD's. You boot up from a Live CD and are able to test that particular distribution without actually having to install it until you decide it's good for you.

Search on the net for tips about choosing a linux distribution.
http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Choosing_a_Linux_distribution

Ubuntu should be good for a beginner.

How can I start Linux and what distribution do you think I should use?
Q. I want to use Linux because I have heard that it is significantly better than IE. My entire family is technologically inept and we only have one computer. How do you think I should start and what distribution do you recommend for a beginner who plans on programming and the like?Any helpful suggestions will be appreciated.

A. I thoroughly recommend two Linux distros.

Linux Mint 9 Main Edition which is based upon Ubuntu 10.04

Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) which is based upon Debian Lenny/Squeeze

Both are easy to install and use plus they come with much of the software you are likely to need preinstalled

Linux Mint 9 Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=52

The Perfect Desktop - Linux Mint 9 (Isadora)
http://www.howtoforge.com/the-perfect-desktop-linux-mint-9-isadora

Linux Mint Debian Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=66

Linux Mint 9/Debian User Guide pdf.
http://www.linuxmint.com/rel_isadora.php
http://linuxmint.com/rel_debian.php

HowTo install Nvidia Graphics Drivers on Debian
http://wiki.debian.org/NvidiaGraphicsDrivers#Installapre-builtmodule

Alternatively install Linux Mint as a dual-boot with Windows using mint4win without partitioning mint4win works the same as Wubi as described below (not available on Linux Mint Debian)
http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/wubi

You keep Windows as it is, mint4win only adds an extra option to boot into Linux Mint. mint4win does not require you to modify the partitions of your PC, or to use a different bootloader, and does not install special drivers. It works just like any other application.

mint4win keeps most of the files in one folder, and if you do not like it, you can simply uninstall it as any other application.

Boot in to windows insert the Linux Mint LiveCD and you will offered the option of installing inside windows which is where the mint4win installer comes in, you will be asked how many gigabytes you wish to allocate to Linux Mint (I recommend 8gb) then you set a password for your installation then click install and thats it.

Once Linux Mint is fully installed upon starting your PC you will be given a choice of which operating system you want to use Windows or Linux Mint

You download the ISO. image of Linux Mint 9 or Linux Mint Debian then you need to create a Bootable LiveCD/DVD for installation

Linux Mint 9 and Linux Mint Debian can also be run direct from the LiveCD/DVD from Booting up without touching your Hard Drive




LUg.

How can I remove Linux from my computer and restore the partition space to windows?
Q. I have both Linux Mint 11 and windows 7 on my computer and I no longer want it on my computer so... ya, pretty much says it all in the title.

A. (NOTE: A page titled "How to uninstall Fedora" was added to the project wiki after this blog was published, as noted in the comment section below in a post titled "Contribution is easy.")

Try "remove Fedora."

Nothing.

Go to Ubuntu's official documentation site and search for "uninstall Ubuntu."

You won't find anything in the "official" documentation but in the "community" section you find two entries that state "Wubi allows you to install and uninstall Ubuntu...."

In an installed Ubuntu distribution, clicking on Help and searching for uninstalling or removing Ubuntu finds nothing. A link ârepeat the search online at the Ubuntu help pagesâ brings up a 404 â page not found.

If you look hard enough on the real community support pages you'll find a post from July 2007 titled "HowTo: Remove Ubuntu (& Restore Windows)" .

Have a cow
The post starts out: "Okay, I know some people are going to have a cow because I'm posting this."

(No kidding. Just take a look at the excoriating flames that are sure to appear in the comments section of this blog.)

OpenSUSE does better. A search there finds the page titled SDB:How to Uninstall Linux from December 2006. The page includes more than 1,300 words to describe various processes.

Go to Google and search "install Linux" and you get about 1,450,000 hits. Try "uninstall Linux" and you get about 16,800. "Remove Linux" gets you about 53,300.

Why is it so hard to find instructions to remove Linux and then so hard to actually do it?

Why can't you just easily find the uninstall procedure in a help file, and click a button and follow the instructions?

Windows makes it easy
Opening the Windows XP Help and Support Center and searching for "uninstall Windows" brings up, first thing, "Uninstall Windows XP" and a 5-step process from the Control Center.

Did you know that in a dual-boot install Linux will partition your hard disk and if you remove the partitions without restoring the Master Boot Record on your boot-up disk, your computer won't start?

Did you know you'll likely need separate applications such as fixmbr or fdisk or partitioning software to get your system back the way it was, hopefully having not lost any data? Or you may need to change a BIOS setting to boot to a Windows CD and use its "Recovery Console?" These all depend on your version of Linux. Again, openSUSE seems to do the best job in automating the process, with the "YaST2 Control Center."

Oh, and if that dual installation included Windows, and partitions were resized, "Microsoft does not support Windows installed on partitions manipulated in this manner."

So it's just you and that Linux documentation. Good luck.

Now, I don't have any great love for Windows and I like Linux. I really do. I'm going to use it and learn a lot more about it.

But if you're a newbie like me, you'd best be warned. Searching various Linux forums finds a lot of users who have had problems uninstalling the OS and have lost data in the process.

Go back to Windoze? You're stupid
And while there are some helpful Linux aficionados who try to help these people out -- and others searching for uninstall help -- there are too many posters who take the attitude along the lines of: "Why would you want to uninstall Linux? That's crazy. You must be stupid to want to go back to Windoze."

If you want to try Linux out while keeping Windows, it's a real good idea to try it from a "live" Linux CD/DVD instead of installing it on a hard disk. Iâve tried several. The response is slower, of course, but you get an idea of how it works and donât risk losing anything. For Ubuntu the Wubi installer accomplishes the same thing by treating Ubuntu as a Windows application.

Do your homework
If you do install Linux on a disk, make sure you do a full system backup. And make sure you have a bootable "rescue" or "system" CD. And really do your homework. Read up on disk partitioning and logical volumes and extended partitions and mounts; and GRUB and LILO bootloaders; and NTFS, FAT 32 and ext3 file systems; and gparted and maybe the commercial app Partition Magic -- which supposedly merges/resizes partitions without destroying data -- and so on.

Then read it all again. And be careful our there.



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how do i install heroes of newerth for linux mint?

Q. I am a complete noob on linux and I need some help. After I download HON for linux and I try to open it, it says I need to open with an appilcation, I have no idea how to do that, please help.

A. Was the file you downloaded a compressed file? More than likely it was and you don't have a program to decompress the file. To expand compressed file (decompresses) you can use and gzip -d, bunzip2 (bzip2 -d), unzip commands. See the link below for more info. that should help you out.

http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/question/general/compress-file-unix-linux-cheat-sheet.php

http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-can-i-zipping-and-unzipping-files-under-linux.html

How do you take dial up internet in Ubuntu linux?
Q. Also please mention how can you login as root? I am new to linux and am self learning it.. i cant install new packages also.. also should i do anything special to install my modem in ubuntu.. theres a folder named linux in the drivers folder of my modem cd.. but doubleclicking the driver file in the folder doesnt yield any results..help ?

A. there is a program called KPPP.. on application menu >> Application >> Add/Remove >> on "search" box just type in "KPPP" and on "show" box select all available application... you'll see 2 programs, KPPP and KPPPLogView.. select both and click Apply..

In ubuntu, there's no need for you to login as root.. if you want to install a program (a firewall as example) just type "sudo apt-get install firestarter" at command prompt.. sudo enables you to run admin/root command.

installing a modem driver that are not PnP in ubuntu requires a little knowlegde about linux.. 1st.. you have to read readme.txt, how to install documentation in that linux driver's folder.. some driver requires special care and special command. 2nd. Surf the web for the latest driver and download it.. 3rd Double clicking driver file wont let you go anywhere.. please read all documents in that folder and you might find commands like this ./configure, make, make install.. so read the instruction.. if you still have problems installing the modem driver.. feel free to zip and email me those driver files

How can i compress hundreds of files into separate 25mb zip files?
Q. I am trying to put thousands of files on to my website My server will only allow me to upload 25mb files each time. Sooo. I was wondering if there is a certain program or a way to make thousands of files into separate 25 MB zip files. And only zip can't do anything else

A. Stuffit may be able to do what you're asking. It can compress to most formats and is available for Mac and Win (maybe Linux too). You can also set it to split files over a given filesize into segments so you can set a 25Mb limit for filesize.



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do you need windows OS to run windows OS apps on linux using wine?

Q. im looking to run steam on linux using wine and i dont have windows.so do i need windows to run windows apps on linux using wine or do i not?if i dont how can i do that?and if i do is there any other way?i would really be thankfull.

A. no, wine provides the function calls itself, there is no need for a windows installation disk or license.

Here is a link from Ubuntu on setting up steam with wine.
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=627938

What are the benifets of linux, what are its major differences from windowsXP?
Q. also i am planning on running a hl2 steam server (counter-strike source) any tips for that?

A. Main difference being that Linux is open source and therefore you can do anything you want with it.
I think stability and security are the main practical differences.

Here's some comparisons:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_and_Linux
http://www.michaelhorowitz.com/Linux.vs.Windows.html
http://lxer.com/module/newswire/view/36897/index.html
http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/33089.html

On running a steam server:
http://halflife2.filefront.com/file/Steam_Dedicated_Server_Linux;18925
http://server.counter-strike.net/server.php?cmd=howto&show=screen
http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Halflife_Dedicated_Server_(CounterStrike)

How do you get a game to work on Steam?
Q. I am using Linux Ubuntu, and when I open the game Team Fortress 2, it opens, I can hear the sounds and everything, but I can't see the game. All I can see is a black screen.

A. First, get a distro that is more stable than Ubuntu. I play TF2 and most other steam games on Slackware, and they all work great.

Having said that, though, most of the time your problem is either the wine version you are using, or the video drivers. Wine is at 1.5.20, and I'm finding it to be a very stable release. Check your video drivers, see if there is something more current. The current AMD drivers are for the most part stable, not sure about the current nVidia drivers.

If you know how, create a new wine prefix, and try playing TF2 in that.



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How do I create a custom error page or action for firefox/iceweasel on an embedded linux device?

Q. I am developing a small embedded debian linux device with firefox/iceweasel and a 7" touchscreen display. I need to create a custom action/response/page/redirect when the device boots and can not connect to the network (i.e. some 4xx http error, can't reach http://www.linux.org/). Is there something built into firefox? If not, any other ideas? Thank You!!!

A. custom error 404

copy paste to URL
http://www.knowledgesutra.com/forums/topic/22491-custom-404-error-pages/

Is software I write for one Linux distribution compatible for all Linux distributions?
Q. I'm thinking about writing some stuff for an easy to get distro like Ubuntu, then trying it on an embedded Linux platform with an ARM processor.

Will I have issues porting it over?

I'm not a computer newb entirely, but I am a Linux newb for the most part.

A. Probably... Everything in linux is built from packets (As you probably know by now) - you want to make sure you know which packets you need... My APGUI project needs GTK, Python, Pygtk and APG before it will run...

If your app is entirely self-contained... Gratz, you are one of the only 5 people who write apps that way :)

How can I get an introduction as to how Linux is used in Embedded Applications?
Q. I wish to have a dive (not swim very deep though) into Embedded Linux.
Are there any good resources on the internet that you would like to recommend?
Please note that I know the C language inside out and have also done micro-controllers programming even though it was without any RTOS.

A. See the guide here: http://www.scratchbox.org/documentation/general/tutorials/introduction.html



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Linux - File system structure between different distros?

Q. I have been reading about Linux distros and I am lost in that kind of "flavors".
Would someone help me understand the main differences in the file system structure in Fedora and how this is compared with the file system structure in Debian?

A. From an end-user perspective there really isn't much difference. Mostly the file system structure (do you mean layout?) is the same. For example, standard programs live in one or more of /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, and custom applications live in /usr/local/bin (but you don't need to worry about any of that, as the PATH variable manages finding them).

Debian-derived distributions provide for some configuration within the directory /etc/default/, and network interfaces are either configured in the file /etc/network/interfaces or by Network Manager.

RedHat-derived distributions (including Fedora) mostly use /etc/sysconfig/ for configuration files, and network interfaces are configured in separate files (one per interfaces) underneath /etc/sysconfig/interfaces/ or by Network Manager

Unless you're getting into writing portable installation scripts that's about as far as you really need to go.

How to Install Red Hat Linux Desktop version 4?
Q. I want to install Red Hat Linux Desktop version 4. Please tell me the step-by-step installation and which file system will be best for this O/S?
Like in windows, we have NTFS file system(which has very security features).
Is there any such file system in Linux?
Which file system should i use?

A. Put the CD in the drive, restart the computer and follow the directions. Take the defaults - they're the best choices for a beginner.

Do I need to defrag a big linux hard drive?
Q. I have a big hard drive (300GIGs) and wonder if I can do something to get better performance out of it. I run Ubuntu Linux. Is there something like de-fragmenting or optimizing the hard drive for linux? The file system is ext3.

A. If you are looking for extra speed I suggest backing up your data and upgrading to Ubuntu 9.04 which supports ext4.

Ubuntu 9.04 Technical overview
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/JauntyJackalope/TechnicalOverview

Ubuntu 9.04 Download
http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/9.04/

Converting ext3 file system to ext4
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1118295


LUg.



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How can I have both Microsoft Windows XP Professional and RedHat Linux on my computer?

Q. I have Microsoft Windows Xp professinal on my computer and I want to install RedHat Linux. I don't want to miss Windows or any other of my informations. The problem is that GRUB( Linux's default boot loader) can't can't understand that I have Windows Xp on my computer. So if I install Linux on my computer I'll miss Windows. If you know a way, please tell me.

A. yeah it can be done its called dual booting heres how

http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/install-guide/ch-x86-dualboot.html

Change default boot to windows 7 instead of redhat Linux?
Q. I partitioned a small portion of my laptops hard drive to install redhat Linux, and when I start up my computer it is defaulting to Linux. How do I change this to windows 7?

A. You need to edit the GRUB configuration file. How to do this depends on whether you're using GRUB or GRUB2. If you actually installed RedHat Linux, which was discontinued in 2003, then you'd definitely be using GRUB. I think the recent versions of RedHat Enterprise Linux also still use GRUB. The link below should provide the information you need.

That said, why RedHat? RedHat Linux was discontinued in 2003, and there's little reason to purchase RHEL unless you're a business and need the support services. Fedora is essentially the same as RHEL, is sponsored by RedHat, and is free.

Where can i get all the total redhat linux commands?
Q. Hi guys...Now i'm doing "Hardware" & "Redhat Enterprise Linux 5". I need list all the total commands for Redhat linux. And also suggest me what can i do next to this course.What are the jobs available for this course. Thanks in advance.

A. You may want to get Fedora Toolbox (http://www.amazon.com/Fedora-Linux-Toolbox-Commands-CentOS/dp/0470082917 ), considering that Fedora is the Beta version of Red Hat. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 will be base off of Fedora 12.



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Please suggest me a software that i can install in windows XP inorder to learn LINUX commands?

Q. I want to learn linux commands on windows platform (without the requirement of linux OS). I had a software but i forgot the name, can please help getting that similar kind of functionality.

Thank you all for your kind suggestions and Hints.

A. If you want native solution, then Cygwin is the best. It allows you to configure and install only those applications that you want.

Can I get a job if I learn linux for 6 months?
Q. I am planning to learn Linux for 6 months ( about 3H per day). Will I be ab;le to find a job as entry level easly or not? If not what should I learn to make it happen ? Thx.

A. You should be able to if they are hiring. Kind of toiugh in the job market now but things should get better in a couple months.

To learn linux what distro should I use?
Q. I want to become a Mysql DBA therefore I need to learn linux. What distro should i use between: Mandriva 8. Fedora 8 and Unbutu 7.2?
Also I might use a wireless so I don't want any issue and spending days configuring that. I need a user friendly distro to handle my wireless connection & mysql/PHP duties.

A. Considering you will be spending the bulk of your time messing with mysql itself and your linux viewpoint will mostly be a shell command line and an editor, it probably doesn't matter all that much.

Consider that corps almost always play it safe. That means they go with something that provides support. In the US that primarily means Redhat,, Suse, or Ubuntu. Possibly Fedora or Centos.

Check around to see if you wireless card is support. If not, get one that is. Its not like they are a big expense these days.



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What UNIX book can I buy that is a recent edition and has tutorial practice exercises?

Q. I need to learn UNIX commands and would like a book that explains it and then gives you exercises to practice.

A. I wouldn't even bother. For a couple of reasons. One of which is that the older books have a LOT of still-relevant information. Also, there are a LOT of good free tutorials on the Web. University of Surrey, Department of Electrical Engineering has produced some excellent tutorials. Professor Stonebank has done this one:

http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/index.html

By the way, the Desktop you see in the graphics is Gnome.

There is another good one at:
http://www2.ocean.washington.edu/unix.tutorial.html

The Linux Document Project, believe it or not, has a LOT of good material. Linux after all is a kernel which was written to run G'NU Tools and X-Windows -- both of which were written on UNIX. This particular tutorial was written by Eric Raymond, who is an authority on both Operating systems.

http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/

UNIX is primarily used by universities and other such groups these days. That means there is a HUGE body of high quality free documentation out there, if you are willing to look.

How to write a UNIX shell utility to find a matching filename in the current directory?
Q. How do I do this?

Write a utility that acts as a front end to find, this utility takes the name of a file as its single parameter and displays the full pathname of every matching filename, searching downwards from the current directory.

It's supposed to be done in C-shell in UNIX. But I really have no idea how to do this. Any help would be appreciated. Thank you.

A. I think Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna.

How to transfer folder from Mac to unix server?
Q. I am running OSX and using Terminal to ssh connect to a remote unix server. I need to transfer a folder containing files from my Mac to my account on the unix server. Should I sftp or stay in ssh? What commands do I use to transfer the folder? Any help would be appreciated.

A. You can use either sftp or scp.

sftp is an interactive session, similar to the following:

you@OSX $ sftp user@unix_server

sftp> cd <target_dir>

sftp> put <directory_to_be_copied_to_unix>

sftp> exit


Alternatively, you can use scp to copy the files from OSX to Unix server

you@OSX $ scp -rp <directory_to_be_copied> user@unix_server:/<destination_folder>



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How to remove "linux mint" from my Win7 GRUB screen?

Q. I recently ran linux mint form a usb drive, but I decided that I don't like it. Ever since, as soon as I power on my computer, I have to choose to boot into Windows 7 or Linux mint. Some tutorials I saw required a repair disk to boot into command prompt, which I don't have. Any advice would be greatly appreciated.

A. What you need to do is rebuild the BCD Store.
That is where that message is coming from.
It is sort of the new and improved bootloader starting
AFTER XP.
That can be a complex process, so lets go at this the
way you already were.

EVERY Win7 system will allow you you to make a "Win7 Repair Disk".
Note it is only for repairs, very important ones, (but somewhat small repairs.)

Please see the following MS link about getting this VERY helpful disk
(while the computer is working...)
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Create-a-system-repair-disc
See below if link breaks.

How do I go about installing windows after linux is already on my hard drive?
Q. I recently installed mandriva linux on my laptop but I realized I'm going to need to put windows back on the computer to play a couple of games I can't get to work with wine. Whats the process for installing a dual boot of linux and windows with linux already being installed?

A. How to dual boot Linux and Windows XP (Linux installed first)
http://apcmag.com/how_to_dual_boot_linux_and_windows_xp_linux_installed_first.htm

The above tutorial relates to Ubuntu 8.04 LTS and XP however it may be useful nonetheless.


LUg.

I am new to Ubuntu Linux where should I start?
Q. I installed an old copy of ubuntu linux 6 and I am fairly new to it. I would like to know where to find programs for ubuntu, how to install them, how to troubleshoot some minor problems (such as getting the Internet to work) etc. Is there a good website for this sort of stuff?

A. Ubuntu 6.10 is no longer supported. You can get it up and running with a little extra work but why make it hard for yourself.

Take a look at Linux Mint 5 (Main Edition) its easy to install easy to use and has much of the software you are likely to need preinstalled.

Linux Mint 5 Release notes
http://www.linuxmint.com/rel_elyssa.php

Linux Mint 5 Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=25

Linux Mint 5 installation tutorial
http://www.howtoforge.com/the-perfect-desktop-linux-mint-5-elyssa-r1

You download the ISO. image of Linux Mint 5 then you need to create a Bootable CD from the ISO. This can easily be done using Nero Burning ROM or similar software. Linux Mint 5 can also be run straight from the LiveCD you have created without touching your Hard Drive.

An alternative release of Ubuntu worth looking at is 8.04.2 http://releases.ubuntu.com/8.04/ The installation tutorial I have supplied above also applies to Ubuntu 8.04.2

There is a wealth of help and documentation from the Ubuntu Community and much of it applies to Linux Mint as well https://help.ubuntu.com/community

Coming soon is the AWESOME Ubuntu 9.04 which I am currently testing.

NOTE : Avoid Ubuntu 8.10 as it is utterly dreadful and this will be made abundantly clear upon the release of Ubuntu 9.04


LUg.



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What do you download from the chrome store to be able to get java?

Q. I have an Acer Chromebook and i want java for like oovoo and some other apps. I understand you download the Linux java download. But when i download that it says i have to download an app that can open java. What is that app called?

A. Chrome devices have Flash support built-in, but they do not support Java or Silverlight. If you need Java, Silverlight, or other plug-in support, there are virtualization and remoting options you can use for Chrome devices. See the chapter on Remote Access and Virtualization in the Chrome Devices for Education Technical Planning Guide: http://www.google.com/support/enterprise/static/chromeos/docs/admin/en/chrome_devices_for_edu.pdf

SOURCE: http://support.google.com/chromeos/a/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=1290513

What are the benefits of using Google Chrome and what are the benefits of using Internet Explorer 9?
Q. My friend told me to switch over to Google Chrome, which i did. I am a Internet Explorer user and I upgraded Internet Explorer to version 9 and it seems like its the same as Google Chrome. What would be the benefits of the two?
Well internet explorer 9 too shows most visited web sites and is insanely fast lol. I guess one point would be security since internet explorer is a widely used browser.

A. Firefox 4 is even faster than IE and Chrome, over 9 million downloads in two days and it's available for Windows XP, which IE 9 isn't.

Chrome and IE isn't nearly as customizable as Firefox, Firefox has tens of thousands of add-ons, persona, themes etc.

Another great thing is it's available for Windows, OS X and Linux, one can auto-sync so all versions of Firefox are the same across different hardware. :)

Also with Firefox you don't have to worry if Microsoft, Apple or Google is spying on you, the code is open for people to see. (and improve on)

And Firefox with add-on's runs extremely fast on single core computers with 2.3 GHz and a mere 512K of RAM under Linux, so the "memory" issues is because of Windows bloat, PC vendor installed junk and anti-malware, not Firefox.

I use Windows in VM all the time, it always needs more memory than anything else I run. Nearly 2GB, that's with the eye candy turned way down. Just about all new Windows PC's today need their RAM bumped up right from the gate, especially after updating.

How do you get the task bar/start menu to stay when on google chrome?
Q. My taskbar is on auto-hide. Whenever on my desktop, it shows when i move the mouse to the bottom. But when i'm in google chrome, it won't show when i move to the bottom and it's really frustrating because i'm constantly switching between programs. How do I fix it w/o changing my taskbar to lock? I like it at auto-hide.

A. Are you using Microsoft Windows or Linux either a MAC? If you working on Windows this might be an issue with the system. Not with a Google Chrome whatsoever.



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How to remove "linux mint" from my Win7 GRUB screen?

Q. I recently ran linux mint form a usb drive, but I decided that I don't like it. Ever since, as soon as I power on my computer, I have to choose to boot into Windows 7 or Linux mint. Some tutorials I saw required a repair disk to boot into command prompt, which I don't have. Any advice would be greatly appreciated.

A. What you need to do is rebuild the BCD Store.
That is where that message is coming from.
It is sort of the new and improved bootloader starting
AFTER XP.
That can be a complex process, so lets go at this the
way you already were.

EVERY Win7 system will allow you you to make a "Win7 Repair Disk".
Note it is only for repairs, very important ones, (but somewhat small repairs.)

Please see the following MS link about getting this VERY helpful disk
(while the computer is working...)
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Create-a-system-repair-disc
See below if link breaks.

How do I go about installing windows after linux is already on my hard drive?
Q. I recently installed mandriva linux on my laptop but I realized I'm going to need to put windows back on the computer to play a couple of games I can't get to work with wine. Whats the process for installing a dual boot of linux and windows with linux already being installed?

A. How to dual boot Linux and Windows XP (Linux installed first)
http://apcmag.com/how_to_dual_boot_linux_and_windows_xp_linux_installed_first.htm

The above tutorial relates to Ubuntu 8.04 LTS and XP however it may be useful nonetheless.


LUg.

I am new to Ubuntu Linux where should I start?
Q. I installed an old copy of ubuntu linux 6 and I am fairly new to it. I would like to know where to find programs for ubuntu, how to install them, how to troubleshoot some minor problems (such as getting the Internet to work) etc. Is there a good website for this sort of stuff?

A. Ubuntu 6.10 is no longer supported. You can get it up and running with a little extra work but why make it hard for yourself.

Take a look at Linux Mint 5 (Main Edition) its easy to install easy to use and has much of the software you are likely to need preinstalled.

Linux Mint 5 Release notes
http://www.linuxmint.com/rel_elyssa.php

Linux Mint 5 Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=25

Linux Mint 5 installation tutorial
http://www.howtoforge.com/the-perfect-desktop-linux-mint-5-elyssa-r1

You download the ISO. image of Linux Mint 5 then you need to create a Bootable CD from the ISO. This can easily be done using Nero Burning ROM or similar software. Linux Mint 5 can also be run straight from the LiveCD you have created without touching your Hard Drive.

An alternative release of Ubuntu worth looking at is 8.04.2 http://releases.ubuntu.com/8.04/ The installation tutorial I have supplied above also applies to Ubuntu 8.04.2

There is a wealth of help and documentation from the Ubuntu Community and much of it applies to Linux Mint as well https://help.ubuntu.com/community

Coming soon is the AWESOME Ubuntu 9.04 which I am currently testing.

NOTE : Avoid Ubuntu 8.10 as it is utterly dreadful and this will be made abundantly clear upon the release of Ubuntu 9.04


LUg.



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what are the most recognized and appreciated certifications in the IT field?

Q. Im not interested by unix/linux certifications....if they even exist!

A. will find out from my son after easter.

Where can I study a comptia linux+ certification in Toronto or surrounding area ?
Q. I can`t find any place to study this certification in Toronto. Ideally I liked to get a instructor. Any idea`s...

A. I took an instructor led course for my A+ certification and to be honest i learned more from the books. A good exam study will also help to make sure you pass the exam the first time. Good luck.

What is the first thing to do if I want to learn LINUX? Do a LINUX certification?
Q. My age is 24. I want a career in LINUX stream. but at present I have zero knowledge in LINUX.

A. You should start off by installing some type of linux (perhaps red hat or may I suggest ubuntu www.ubuntu.com/ )
If I can urge you to try ubuntu, you can burn a bootable CD that will let you try the operating system before you make any changes to your hard drive (so you can see if your hardware is compatible), and if you like what you see, you can install it on a separate partition without hurting your current OS install. Take a little time to play around, get familiar with using the console, try customizing various things and get used to researching issues on the forums.

A class or certification will definitely help for putting on your resume, but you can get a great head start tonight by trying the system out.



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What are my alternatives for professional video editing PC?

Q. My girlfriend finished school with a degree in Mass Communications. I want to get a computer/software that will allow her to do video editing on the professional level. Apple's could be beyond our means. Will a Linux or Windows machine with editing software do the job? What editing program should we dowload/ buy? If it has to be an Apple, what kind of machine should I look for to use with Final Cut? I appreciate as much information as possible.

A. Okay,u can use Pavtube Video converter.
It is a powerful software which is designed both as a video converter and an editing tool. It is really good to use.
http://www.pavtube.com/video_converter/
For mac:
http://www.pavtube.com/video-converter-mâ¦

What is the best video editing software for linux?
Q. I searched on my synaptic package manager and found alot of video editing software. I downloaded some and tried some. Which one is the best?

I would like one that can.
Open, edit, and save multiple file types.
Take clips out of a video
Add sound files to the video
Some extra stuff would be nice too

I'm using ubuntu 9.10

A. t@b ZS4 Video Editor for Linux is a good example.
it has the functions you want and it is totally free, try this:
http://www.brothersoft.com/t-b-zs4-video-editor-for-linux-319181.html?utm_source=answer&utm_medium=yuki&utm_campaign=Computers_Internet

Need a linux distro good for hardcore video editing?
Q. No, I am not getting rid of WIndows, but I wanted to know, what would be the best Linux for viewing, and editing all kinds of multimedia? Mostly video editing? I need a multimedia based Distro if possible. The last time I used Linux was like 10 years ago, and now I have fallen in love with my Vista PC, so I need some help from someone who also uses both.

A. All I know, is Ubuntu or Ubuntu Studio



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How do I download Minecraft to Linux?

Q. I recently switched from Microsoft to Ubuntu 11.10. I went to download Minecraft, but when I click the linux download link, nothing happens. It will download when I click mac or pc though. Please help! any downloads I need or what? Help! easy points!

A. Hope this link helps. If you google for install minecraft ubuntu you will get a lot of hits including youtube videos how tos.

What do you download from the chrome store to be able to get java?
Q. I have an Acer Chromebook and i want java for like oovoo and some other apps. I understand you download the Linux java download. But when i download that it says i have to download an app that can open java. What is that app called?

A. Chrome devices have Flash support built-in, but they do not support Java or Silverlight. If you need Java, Silverlight, or other plug-in support, there are virtualization and remoting options you can use for Chrome devices. See the chapter on Remote Access and Virtualization in the Chrome Devices for Education Technical Planning Guide: http://www.google.com/support/enterprise/static/chromeos/docs/admin/en/chrome_devices_for_edu.pdf

SOURCE: http://support.google.com/chromeos/a/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=1290513

How to boot from a ISO disk to my laptop?
Q. Okay so i got Linux, Downloaded a new Operating system from Vuze, burned onto a disk, it's an ISO file, How can i boot that disk from my laptop?

A. When you open the disk you should see the file system of the .iso, and the a .iso file. If you see the later, you burnt it wrong.

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto

The other issue is you may have to access the BIOS (about 50% of the time)



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What is the smallest Linux distribution compatible with the PS3?

Q. I would like to install Linux on my PS3 but I have a satellite internet connection. This means that I can only download small files(or iso's). Like under 500mb. Are there any free iso linux files I can get for ps3 under 500mb?

A. I think yellow dog linux is the smallest compatible with ps3 not positive

How do i run installed programs on linux debian and how to install a gui without internet?
Q. Am new to linux and i dont have any gui installed. I would like 2 know which website 2 go 2, 2 download the gui and how do i install it after downloading. And how do i run installed programs such as python?

A. I'm a Linux n00b too, and I've gotten help at the majorgeeks.com forums.

http://www.majorgeeks.com/

> Linux support forum @ majorgeeks: http://forums.majorgeeks.com/forumdisplay.php?f=50

Whats the difference between Linux and Windows?
Q. Whats the difference between Linux and Windows?
Would you highly reccomend Linux?
What are some of the features?

A. 1: Full access vs. no accessHaving access to the source code is probably the single most significant difference between Linux and Windows. The fact that Linux belongs to the GNU Public License ensures that users (of all sorts) can access (and alter) the code to the very kernel that serves as the foundation of the Linux operating system. You want to peer at the Windows code? Good luck. Unless you are a member of a very select (and elite, to many) group, you will never lay eyes on code making up the Windows operating system.

#2: Licensing freedom vs. licensing restrictionsAlong with access comes the difference between the licenses. Iâm sure that every IT professional could go on and on about licensing of PC software. But letâs just look at the key aspect of the licenses (without getting into legalese). With a Linux GPL-licensed operating system, you are free to modify that software and use and even republish or sell it (so long as you make the code available). Also, with the GPL, you can download a single copy of a Linux distribution (or application) and install it on as many machines as you like. With the Microsoft license, you can do none of the above. You are bound to the number of licenses you purchase, so if you purchase 10 licenses, you can legally install that operating system (or application) on only 10 machines.

#3: Online peer support vs. paid help-desk supportThis is one issue where most companies turn their backs on Linux. But itâs really not necessary. With Linux, you have the support of a huge community via forums, online search, and plenty of dedicated Web sites. And of course, if you feel the need, you can purchase support contracts from some of the bigger Linux companies (Red Hat and Novell for instance).

However, when you use the peer support inherent in Linux, you do fall prey to time.
On the other side of the coin is support for Windows.

#4: Full vs. partial hardware supportOne issue that is slowly becoming nonexistent is hardware support. Years ago, if you wanted to install Linux on a machine you had to make sure you hand-picked each piece of hardware or your installation would not work 100 percent. I can remember, back in 1997-ish, trying to figure out why I couldnât get Caldera Linux or Red Hat Linux to see my modem. After much looking around, I found I was the proud owner of a Winmodem. So I had to go out and purchase a US Robotics external modem because that was the one modem I knew would work. This is not so much the case now. You can grab a PC (or laptop) and most likely get one or more Linux distributions to install and work nearly 100 percent. But there are still some exceptions. For instance, hibernate/suspend remains a problem with many laptops, although it has come a long way.

With Windows, you know that most every piece of hardware will work with the operating system. Of course, there are times (and I have experienced this over and over) when you will wind up spending much of the day searching for the correct drivers for that piece of hardware you no longer have the install disk for. But you can go out and buy that 10-cent Ethernet card and know itâll work on your machine (so long as you have, or can find, the drivers). You also can rest assured that when you purchase that insanely powerful graphics card, you will probably be able to take full advantage of its power.

#5: Command line vs. no command lineNo matter how far the Linux operating system has come and how amazing the desktop environment becomes, the command line will always be an invaluable tool for administration purposes. Nothing will ever replace my favorite text-based editor, ssh, and any given command-line tool. I canât imagine administering a Linux machine without the command line. But for the end user â not so much. You could use a Linux machine for years and never touch the command line. Same with Windows. You can still use the command line with Windows, but not nearly to the extent as with Linux. And Microsoft tends to obfuscate the command prompt from users. Without going to Run and entering cmd (or command, or whichever it is these days), the user wonât even know the command-line tool exists. And if a user does get the Windows command line up and running, how useful is it really?

#6: Centralized vs. noncentralized application installationThe heading for this point might have thrown you for a loop. But letâs think about this for a second. With Linux you have (with nearly every distribution) a centralized location where you can search for, add, or remove software. Iâm talking about package management systems, such as Synaptic. With Synaptic, you can open up one tool, search for an application (or group of applications), and install that application without having to do any Web searching (or purchasing).

Windows has nothing like this. With Windows, you must know where to find the software you want to install, download the software (or put the CD into your machine), and run setup.exe o



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How do I set up a user account on Linux?

Q. I have root access on a remote linux box and want create a user account for friends to FTP files. For example I want to create a new user called friendftp and give them permission to copy files from and to a directory called /mysite.com/ftpdrop.
Any help?

A. open your terminal and type:
sudo useradd -m -g users -G **groupnames** -p **password** friendftp

how can i create a root previledge user?
Q. I need to create another user in linux which will have all the previledges of a root user. Please suggest me how to create a user which will have all the power of root.

A. If the above didn't help, instead of giving someone the root password, you can try configuring sudo if it's Fedora or Ubuntu linux, the file /etc/sudoers contains a lot of options to fine-tune it

How did microsoft become such a monopoly to PC manufacturers?
Q. I am a linux user and it does not seem right that one company can be in a oligopy with no other competitors. Other than a netbook from two years ago, i have never seen a computer for sale at a store without the windows os(not even a mac).

A. A long time ago, in a land far away....

Computers back then weren't these small home machines we have now because there wasn't an operating system that a typical home user could make any use of. Computers were massive machines with complicated systems that usually required a programmer because we also didn't have things like MS Office or Quickbooks yet.

Mr Gates and some other people thought it would be cool if everyone could have a computer in their house. The hold-up was an operating system that would allow small machines (and back then we thought an 8 bit machine with a magnetic tape drive was some hot stuff) to function usefully for every-day users. So he (and some others) created/modified an operating system (DOS) that could do exactly that. IBM made a small machine (PC-Jr then PX-XT) that could use that system and was inexpensive enough for most people to own. It didn't require a master's degree in computer science to operate but did require a bit of a nerd.

Some other computer makers started making home computers around that operating system and specification (PC compatible) that had good uses for everyone at home and at work. And it grew exponentially very fast. And then, Microsoft tossed out Windows (esp. 3.1 then '95) and the way we compute changed immeasurably. Any 4th grader could use a computer then.


So imagine that you invented a certain kind of fuel and then all of the car makers started making lots of cars that run on your fuel. They could have made cars to run on other fuel - and some did - but almost everyone had a car that runs on yours. What happens to your company? It just grows and grows and after a while just about everyone expects that "cars run on X fuel with few exceptions"

That's what happened at Microsoft - computers used MSDOS and Windows, with few exceptions.

Now, they don't really have a monopoly because, as you noted, Linux (and others) remain an option. Nobody made a law that says "you must use Microsoft products" and you're free to use whatever OS you'd like or even write your own.

So how did Microsoft get in the position they're in now? 1) they were very early to the market 2) they continued to improve their line 3) they produced a product that other companies based theirs upon so that the MS product became essential 4) They didn't give it away for free so they could afford to keep improving it.

Whether it's "right" - what if you had created DOS and Windows? Would you give it away for free so that Dell, Gateway, IBM, Asus, etc... could all make lots of money off of your work? Would you share all of the source code with everyone in the world so they could make it too - and sell it to other people without giving you any money? No, I didn't think so. Me neither.

But, if you don't like Microsoft products you have plenty of company and are free to use whatever other OS you'd like (or to write your own) and nobody will complain. It's one of the great things about a free market - even a free market that has huge big players in it. You can write your very own operating system and sell it to whoever likes it. If yours is as good as theirs, you might even take their place. (Firefox and Google took someone else's place in the market that way)

âº



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How can I get enough experience for my Linux + certification?

Q. I've been worrying about this for a while. I've been studying what I need to know to get my Linux + certification, and in order to take the cert exam I need to have 6-12 months of Linux network administration, but I don't know who would hire an uncertified network administrator.
Any ideas?

A. You don't need any experience to take the exam, at least not from CompTIA, I took it straight out of college and had only started using Linux.

The *+ exams are actually only certifying that you have the knowledge of being an administrator for 6months to 1 year.

Does MCA fresher with linux certification start out as technical support?
Q. I am doing MCA and plan to complete Red Hat Linux certification (RHCE) and CCNA. After completing my MCA will I have to start out as technical support engineer/service engineer/desktop engineer? Isn't there a chance that I will languish in these roles as these aren't high profile roles.

A. Certs are great, but experience is what really impresses an interviewer. If you have very little or no work experience, you are likely to start out in some sort of support role.

This actually makes sense for the employer. Why would they let you make design decisions before you've proven yourself? It's especially important to them, considering you aren't familiar with their network.

Don't worry about it, though. If you're eager to learn and willing to take on responsibility, you will be noticed. Bosses do pay attention to who does what, although they also have to balance the personality of their team members. If the new young hot-shot gets promoted within a week of joining the company, or is hired into a very cherry position, it could easily anger the rest of the team that has been there for years. For that reason, sometimes the new hire is forced to spend some time in a more junior role. This lets the team see what he's capable of.

What's the most respectable Linux System Administration Certification?
Q. Hi,
Planning to get a Linux certification as a System Administrator, but unsure which one is preferred and most useful to employers....any idea?

A. Hi

LPIC is not that much respected certification.

If you want to be a System Administrator, start with RHCSA , RHCE as those are respectable.

If you manage to complete it, than you can opt for RHCSS or further certification, but for those RHCE is the must.



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